History might be written by the winners, but the seafloor keeps a more faithful record. For Sean Kingsley, a British marine archaeologist who built his career studying submerged ruins in the Mediterranean and trade routes along the Levantine coast, shipwrecks offer an unvarnished honesty that paper records often distort.
Over the last three decades, Dr. Kingsley has poked around some 350 sunken sites from the shallow, sun-bleached waters off Israel to the bruising, deep-sea trenches off the Irish coast. With a Ph.D. from Oxford, he is an independent scholar and the founder and editor of Wreckwatch, both a quarterly and a popular YouTube channel. He funds his fieldwork in part by consulting for high-profile clients like Allen Exploration, an outfit known for its recovery and documentation of historical wrecks, for whom he founded and manages a scientific journal, Ocean Dispatches. He publishes some research in peer-reviewed journals; most is directed toward media outlets and the public.
Recently, Dr. Kingsley secured the ultimate golden ticket: exclusive access to the forbidden, heavily guarded harbor of Nassau, the capital of the Bahamas. Nassau has long traded on its reputation as the world’s premier pirate sanctuary, but its waters never yielded an authenticated brigantine — a two-masted sailing ship — until now. During an undersea expedition off the island of New Providence last fall, a research team led by Dr. Kingsley and Michael Pateman, the director of the Bahamas Maritime Museum, discovered — but did not touch or disrupt — six shipwrecks, three of which date back to the golden age of piracy, from 1690 to 1725.
The debris field was a textbook spread of freebooter booty: iron cannons, musket balls, swivel cannons, ballast stones, glass wine bottles and 143 clay tobacco pipes stamped with the royal crest of England. But the real prize was a wooden hull burned down to the waterline — a classic pirate trick for torching evidence. Dr. Kingsley suspects that this charred skeleton is none other than the Fancy, the 46-gun flagship of Henry Avery.
In 1695, Avery, known as the King of Pirates, pulled off history’s most outrageous high-seas heist, ambushing a Mughal Empire fleet and vanishing with a haul worth roughly $150 million today. To secure Nassau as a safe haven, Avery apparently took his cut of the plunder and gave the vessel to the local proprietary governor as a glittering bribe.
Dr. Kinglsey and his colleagues combined local maritime lore with cutting-edge tech to map Nassau’s sunken history. They interviewed fishermen and sailors to trace where colonial ships went down. They then overlaid old maps with satellite imagery to pinpoint the wrecks. Finally, they used administrative logs to build a three-dimensional digital model of the infamous pirate hub.
To Mallory R. Haas, an archaeologist who runs the SHIPS Project, a community initiative in England that tracks local wrecks, Dr. Kingsley’s Nassau expedition represents the ultimate antidote to modern boredom. She noted that by using rigorous science to revive fabulous, real-world adventures, Dr. Kingsley’s mission “has the potential to pull together the historic background research, getting the stories from early divers who know these sites well, looking at it with an archaeological perspective and inspiring a new generation of explorers.”
This conversation has been condensed and edited for clarity.
“Treasure Island,” the Robert Louis Stevenson novel, depicted the pirate base in Nassau as a desperate web of untrustworthy murderers and alcoholics. But you have written that it was more a mix of cowboy frontier town and 18th-century holiday camp.
You can read all the history you like, but only when you sail around New Providence do you appreciate the true way of the pirates. Anchored above the cannon wreck’s ruins in the middle of nowhere was when reality hit me. Avery, Blackbeard and the Flying Gang could pillage an ocean of bottomless loot. But they knew the odds of getting out of piracy with their heads attached to their necks were small. Piracy was escapism from the system, living in a small shantytown, sticking it to the man and the ultimate freedom of the high seas. The pirates lived for today, and damn tomorrow — a merry life and a short one.
Nassau Harbor has been heavily gouged and modified by modern dredging. Were you surprised to find intact pirate-era wooden hulls surviving beneath such heavy industrial disturbance?
I wouldn’t have been surprised if nothing survived and our team left empty-handed. Underwater trophy-hunting found important relics in the years before laws came into effect in the 1990s. On-the-spot accounts leave no doubt that eye-watering underwater heritage was chewed up and lost since 1969.
So, you’re underwater beneath Nassau’s old bridge, battling strong currents and dodging an aggressively moody bull shark. How exactly do you still manage to get the mapping done?
In the end, the bark was worse than the bite. The twice-daily riptides were managed by precision dives in slack water. When visibility was poor, the team relocated to quieter parts of the harbor. Much to my delight, the grumpy bull sharks decided we were small fry and left us to it.
Your team uncovered iron cannons and rail-mounted swivel guns — devastating anti-personnel weapons. What does the positioning of the swivel gun mounts on the wreck site reveal about how the crew structured its deck defenses?
Not much. Swivel guns were the anti-personnel artillery of choice for pirates to fire on boarding parties and enemy cannon crews. But the shallow cannon site is poorly preserved on an exposed coral reef, ripped by hurricanes. Nassau was also the Caribbean epicenter of the wrecking industry, and salvors undoubtedly “fished” the wreck in the 18th or 19th century. Archaeologists are left with cultural bread crumbs and the miracle that anything survives.
Is it true that the pirates in Nassau rarely attacked ships flying their native flags?
Many English pirates were deeply patriotic. Both Avery and Benjamin Hornigold, the godfather of Nassau’s pirates, refused to attack English traders. French, and especially Spanish sailors, constantly ignored the peace at the end of the War of the Spanish Succession in 1714 and continued to attack shipping and Nassau itself. Foreign belligerence gave Blackbeard and many pirate lords what they felt was a rightful license to unleash hell on the high seas. Other pirates, such as the psychopath Charles Vane, supported Catholic pretenders to the throne and had no reservations blitzing the Protestant king’s trade.
In 1718, surrounded by British warships in the harbor, Vane set a captured French vessel ablaze and sent it straight at the royal flotilla as a floating bomb, using the chaos to escape. When you return to the site next year, any chance you will encounter what’s left of the fire ship?
I imagine that if the French ship sank midchannel at the harbor entrance, it would likely have been dredged away. But never say never.
One of your premier finds is a large hull burned down to the waterline. Are there specific structural anomalies or patterns of charred wood that differentiate an accidental ship fire from a pirate’s effort to destroy evidence?
The archaeological magic relies on overlapping evidence, firming up proof with each layer. The wooden hull was burned, seemingly stripped of shipboard items, and was built with wooden treenails, a shipbuilding philosophy largely tied to the 1690s through the first half of the 18th century. Of the 504 ships that historical accounts show were lost inside the harbor, 89 percent date to after 1750. The combination tentatively suggest that the burned hull went down before then, in the golden age of piracy.
If Avery’s ship, Fancy, truly met its end in the harbor, what evidence would turn a compelling match into an absolute certainty?
An elephant tusk from Avery’s pretend slaving venture to the African coast. A merchant’s seal stamped “H.A.” A loose Indian ruby lost in the bilges. But the tree species of the ship’s timber needs to be of a British or European genus. A dendrochronological tree-ring reading from around 1690 would also be compelling.
You have expressed a desire to map the entire port using underwater drones. How does autonomous technology stack up against old-school divers when you are dealing with dangerous tides and zero visibility?
Nassau’s colonial-era harbor was huge; it was said that 500 ships could fit inside, including the British Royal Navy’s whole fleet. Our project worked low-tech. But what lies below will never be discovered if you don’t go high-tech. Autonomous underwater vehicles deploying side-scan sonar, sub-bottom profilers and cameras can map in days what it would take marine archaeologists years. A.U.V.s can work at night and in harsh environments, taking human failure out of the equation.
Films like “Pirates of the Caribbean” have turned historical privateers into cartoon cutouts. Did the rogues of the open waters really swagger through history in crushed velvet and rakish eye patches?
The pirates of the Hollywood imagination were devilishly handsome, well-to-do swashbucklers who overcame moral challenges to return to their rightful place in society. The wrecks we explored are real, gritty touchstones of how life almost always ended brutally for these sea dogs. Almost all were hanged or died in sea storms. There was no Hollywood happy ending.
