A 600-year-old grape seed discovered in the toilet of a medieval French hospital is genetically identical to the grapes still being used to make pinot noir wine, scientists said Tuesday.
The seed reveals that people in France have been cultivating this immensely popular variety of grape since at least the 1400s, the scientists said in a new study.
It is not possible to say whether the fruit was “eaten like table grapes or whether people made wine from it at the time,” study co-author Laurent Bouby told AFP.
But the research provides a link between modern France — one of the world’s largest wine-producing and -consuming countries — and its distant wine-loving past.
Another study co-author, Ludovic Orlando, pointed out that the Hundred Years’ War between England and France finally wrapped up in the mid-1400s.
And the brief life of France’s patron saint, Joan of Arc, was also in the 15th century.
“She could have eaten the same grapes as us,” Orlando, a paleogeneticist at the University of Toulouse, told AFP.
The seed was found in a toilet in a 15th-century hospital in Valenciennes in northern France. At the time, toilets were sometimes used as rubbish bins, the researchers explained.
The study, which was published in the journal Nature Communications, involved sequencing the genome of 54 grape seeds dating from the Bronze Age — from around 2,300 BC — to the Middle Ages.
It confirms that generations of winegrowers had been using what are today called “clonal propagation” techniques, such as preserving cuttings of particular grape varieties for 600 years, the researchers said.
Ancient texts had offered indications this was happening, “but outside of paleogenomics, it is very difficult to characterize this technique,” said Bouby of the Institute of Evolutionary Science of Montpellier.
But the new research found evidence this technique was being used in many areas as far back as the Iron Age, around 625-500 BC.
Aged like fine wine
The oldest grapes analyzed in the study were from wild vines in the French region of Nimes dated to around 2,000 BC.
Domesticated vines then started to appear between 625 and 500 BC in France’s southern Var region.
This lines up with when colonizing Greeks were believed to have introduced viticulture — cultivating grapevines — to France, after founding the city of Marseille.
Orlando said it was already known that wine was traded at the time by the Greeks and the Etruscans, because of wine jugs called amphora that lasted through the centuries.
But the DNA of the grape seeds, particularly those from the ancient Roman period, revealed long-distance exchanges of domesticated grape varieties from places including Spain, the Balkans, the Caucasus and the Middle East.
It also showed there was plenty of genetic mixing of domesticated grape varieties and local wild vines during the Roman period, particularly in northern France.
In the future, “it would be very interesting to work closely with historians who have access to texts describing certain winegrowing techniques” to find out more, Orlando said.
Pinot noir, which is often associated with France’s Burgundy region, is the fourth most widely grown grape in the world, according to the study.
The study’s authors note that today France remains “one of the world’s leading wine-producing countries, with viticulture forming a cornerstone of its cultural heritage and rural economy.” The country’s wine industry contributes tens of billions dollars annually and supports hundreds of thousands of jobs, the study says.
However, in recent years France has experienced increasingly higher temperatures and extreme weather conditions that have damaged its wine industry. In 2021, France recorded its smallest harvest since 1957 and lost more than $2 billion in sales – a huge blow to the country’s second-largest export industry.
